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MAHATMA GANDHI

Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India's independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Until Gandhi was assassinated in 1948, his life and teachings inspired activists including Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.

GLOBAL WORLD PEACE

GROUP

DESCRIPTION

Intro

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the spiritual and political leader of India, worked tirelessly to make India independent of British rule. His teaching was based on the power of love.

He organized campaigns to defy the government by peaceful means because he did not believe in the use of force. He once said: "An eye for an eye ends up making the whole world blind." His belief in non-violence was based on his faith that truth is God. India became independent in 1947 largely as a result of his leadership.

Simple Life

Gandhi lived a simple life, did not hold a position of power in the government, and had no worldly possessions. He felt in himself the woeful poverty of his people and literally put on the beggar's robe to demonstrate his unity with them.

Clothes

For clothes, he wore a loin-cloth and a robe of coarse homespun. He lived on goat's milk, vegetables cooked without spices or salt, and a little bread and fruit. He used to spin for a while every day in order to identify himself with the poorest people.

Cleaning

He also used to clean streets and collect refuse in order to punish himself for the injustice of the caste system as practised by most people in India. Only untouchables did this kind of work.

Father of the Nation

Whether as an exceptional human being, a unique politician, or charismatic leader of non-violent movement, Gandhi's many-sidedness is proverbial. The Indian people loved him. They called him Bapu (father) out of affection and still hail him as the Father of the Nation.

Great Soul

Rabindranath Tagore, the great Indian maestro, called Gandhi Mahatma, which literally means "great soul." His ideals and teachings have influenced and inspired billions at home and abroad, including the likes of Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King.

Faith

Although a very devout Hindu with unshakable conviction in Hinduism, Gandhi was a religious genius as well -- with genuine tolerance and respect for all mankind's faiths. In his Introduction to the Sayings of Muhammad by Abdullah Suhrawardy, Gandhi declares emphatically: "There will be no lasting peace on earth unless we learn not merely to tolerate but even to respect the other faiths as our own."

Management Model

M.J. Akbar elucidates it further: "Gandhi's commitment to religion did not mean commitment to a single religion. In his Ram Rajya, every faith had full freedom and complete equality. His prayer meetings were not just about his beloved Gita; there was space for the Holy Qur'an, the Bible and the Guru Grantha Saheb as well. He could never understand why anyone should misunderstand this, and it pained him when opponents misrepresented him, sneered at his gentle idealism, and challenged his pacifism with the undisguised threat of violence."

GLOBAL PROFILE– MAHATMA GANDHI

YEAR

DATE

Title

1869

2-Oct

Birth at Porbandar.

1882

Marriage with Kasturbai, aged 13.

1888

29-Sep

Reached Southampton, England

1888

6-Nov

Enrolled at the Inner Temple, Inn of Court

1888

June

Son, Harilal born.

1891

27-May

Called to the Bar.

1892

28-Oct

Son, Manilal born.

1893

25-May

Reached Durban, Natal.

1893

26-May

Refused to remove his Paghadi; left the court.

1893

31-May

Thrown off the first class carriage of the train at Pietermartizburg Station.

1893

Read Tolstoy's 'Kingdom of God is Within You'.

1894

22-Aug

Founded the 'Natal Indian Congress'.

1896

9-Jul

Commenced writing the 'Green Pamphlet' at Rajkot.

1896

16-Nov

Public lecture at Poona; chaired by Ramkrishna Bhandarkar.

1897

4-May

Son, Ramdas born.

1899

11-Oct

Established Indian Ambulance Corp during the Boer War.

1900

22-May

Assisted Kasturbai in the delivary of son Devadas.

1903

4-Jun

First issue of 'Indian Opinion' published.

1904

December

Established 'Phoenix Settlement'.

1906

20-Jul

Took the vow of Brahmcharya.

1906

11-Sep

Advent of Satyagraha at Empire Theatre, Johannesburg, where people took a pledge with God as their witness, to oppose the Black Act.

1906

1-Oct

Left for England as a member of the Indian Delegation.

1907

22-Mar

Asiatic Registration Bill passed in Transvaal Parliament.

1908

10-Jan

Awarded two months' simple imprisonment for refusal to obtain registration.

1908

30-Jan

Agreement signed with General Smuts on voluntary registration.

1908

10-Feb

Mir Alam and others assault Gandhiji.

1908

16-Aug

Breach of faith and bonfire of certificate.

1908

14-Oct

Awarded two months' rigorous imprisonment for entry into the Transvaal without permit.

1908

The term 'Satyagraha' adopted based on Maganlal Gandhi's fomulation 'Sadagraha'.

1909

23-Jun

Left for England as a member of the Indian Delegation.

1909

13-Nov

Wrote 'Hind Swarajya' aboard the ship 'Kildonan Castle'.

1909

11-Dec

'Hind Swarajya' published in 'Indian Opinion'.

1910

23-Jun

Established Tolstoy Farm; vowed to eschew milk; experiments in frutarian diet.

1910

March

'Hind Swarajya' proscribed. Sent a copy of English rendering 'Indian Home Rule' to Tolstoy.

1912

22-Oct

Gopalkrishna Gokhale's South Africa tour commenced.

1913

22-Sep

Kasturba and others arrested.

1913

23-Sep

Kasturba was awarded 3 months' rigourous imprisonment.

1913

18-Dec

MKG released from jail unconditionally with others, before the completion of  the period of imprisonment.

1913

22-Dec

Kasturba released from prison.

1914

26-Jun

Indians' Relief Bill (1914), passed.

1914

18-Jul

Travelled to London to meet Gokhale; Phoenix party at Santiniketan.

1915

17-Feb

Visited Santiniketan.

1915

5-Apr

Visited Kumbh Mela, Hardwar.

1915

20-May

Established 'Satyagraha Ashram', Kochrab.

1915

26-Jun

Awarded the 'Kaisare Hind' medal.

1915

11-Sep

First Harijan family of Dudabhai, Danibehn and Laxmi joined the Ashram.

1915

15-Nov

Elected as Vice President of Gujarat Sabha.

1916

6-Feb

Lectured at Benaras Hindu University.

1916

26-Dec

Met Jawaharlal Nehru for the first time at Lucknow Congress.

1917

10-Apr

Travelled to Patna with Rajkumar Shukla to investigate condition of indigo farmers.

1917

18-Apr

Gave a statement in the court about disobedience of prohibitary orders.

1917

17-Jun

Sabarmati Ashram established.

1917

20-Oct

Presided over the Second Gujarati Education Conference, Bharuch.

1917

3-Nov

Presided over the First Gujarat Political Conference, Godhara.

1917

7-Nov

Mahadev Desai joined as Secretary.

1918

14-Feb

Appointed to arbitar the dispute between Mill-owners and Mill-hands of Ahmedabad.

1918

15-Mar

Indefinite fast to keep the resolve of striking Mill-hands commenced.

1918

18-Mar

Broke fast after compromise.

1918

22-Mar

Addressed the public meeting of 5000 peasants at Nadiad; advised them to not pay land revenue.

1919

24-Feb

Satyagraha pledge against 'Rowlett Act'.

1919

6-Apr

National Hartal and Satyagraha against the Rowlett Act.

1919

9-Apr

Arrested at Palval Station.

1919

13-Apr

Massacre at Jallianwala Baug; three days' fast in Ahmedabad commenced.

1919

7-Sep

First issue of 'Navajivan' published.

1919

8-Oct

First issue of 'Young India' published.

1919

15-Nov

Congress boycott the Hunter Commission and set up independent inquiry.

1920

2-Aug

Returned the honours to the Government, commencement of Non-co-operation.

1920

18-Oct

Gujarat Vidyapith established.

1921

24-Dec

Given the reigns of the Congress in Ahmedabad.

1922

29-Jan

Bardoli Taluka resolved against payment of land revenue and Civil-Disobedience.

1922

4-Feb

Policemen at Chauri Chaura killed.

1922

10-Mar

Gandhiji and Shankerlal Banker arrested.

1922

11-Mar

Charged of sedition for the authorship of three articles in Young India.

1922

18-Mar

Trial held at Ahmedabad Circuit House; Judge Broomfield awarded Gandhiji a sentence of six years' imprisonment.

1922

21-Mar

Transferred to Yeravda Prison.

1924

12-Jan

Operated for appendicites at Sasoon Hospital, Poona.

1924

5-Feb

Released unconditionally.

1924

6-Apr

The publication of 'Dakshin Africana Satyagrahano Itihas' in Navajivan.

1924

17-Sep

Twenty one days' fast for communal harmony commenced at Maulana Mohammed Ali's house, Delhi.

1924

26-Dec

Presided over the Belgaum Congress.

1925

22-Sep

'All India Spinners' Association' established.

1925

7-Nov

Madeleine Slade joined Satyagraha Ashram, named Mirabehn.

1925

29-Nov

The publication of 'Satyana Prayogo athava Atmakatha' commences in Navajivan.

1925

3-Dec

The publication of 'Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth' commences in Young India.

1928

3-Feb

Boycott of Simon Commission.

1929

27-Jun

Wrote introduction to 'Anasktiyoga'.

1929

31-Oct

Viceroy Lord Irwin annouces Round Table Conference.

1929

27-Dec

Purna Swaraj Resolution adopted at Lahore Congress.

1930

15-Feb

Wrote to the Viceroy about his intention to break the Salt Law.

1930

12-Mar

Dandi March commences from Satyagraha Ashram.

1930

6-Apr

Broke the Salt Law.

1930

5-May

Arrested and sent to Yeravda Prison.

YEAR

DATE

TITLE

1931

26-Jan

Released from prison.

1931

5-Mar

Gandhi-Irwin pact signed.

1931

12-Sep

In London as the sole representative of the Congress at the Second Round Table Conference.

1931

13-Sep

Recorded a message for the people of America.

1931

9-Oct

Met Maria Montessori.

1931

20-Oct

'God is' recorded.

1931

5-Nov

Attended (in his loin-cloth) the Royal reception for the delegates of the Second Round Table Conference at the Buckingham Palace at the invitation of Emperor George V.

1931

13-Nov

Declared his opposition to the proposed Communal Award.

1931

1-Dec

Second Round Table Conference ends.

1931

6-Dec

With Romain Rolland.

1931

12-Dec

In Vatican. Met Mussolini in Rome.

1932

1-Jan

Congress Working Committee adopted the resolution of Civil Disobedience.

1932

4-Jan

Arrested and sent to Yeravda for indefinite period; Vallabhbhai fellow prisoner.

1932

10-Mar

Mahadev Desai transfered to Yeravda.

1932

17-Aug

Premier Ramsay Macdonald announced the Communal Award.

1932

18-Aug

Letter to Ramsay Macdonald declaring his intentions to fast unto death against the Communal Award.

1932

20-Sep

The fast commenced.

1932

24-Sep

Poona Pact signed.

1932

26-Sep

Broke the fast.

1932

30-Sep

'Harijan Sevak Sangh' established.

1933

11-Feb

Commneced publication of 'Harijan'. 'Harijan Sevak' (Hindi), commenced publication on 23rd February and 'Harijanbandhu' (Gujarati) commenced publication on 12th March.

1933

29-Apr

Resolved to fast for 21 days at midnight.

1933

1-May

Issued a statement about the fast; unconditional and for self-purification.

1933

8-May

Commenced the fast. Released from prison.

1933

29-May

Fast broken.

1933

31-Jul

Declare his intention to offer Individual Satyagraha.

1933

1-Aug

Arrested at Ahmadabad and sent to Sabarmati Prison; shifted to Yeravda later.

1933

14-Sep

Went to Wardha with a decision to not involve himself with politics.

1933

30-Sep

Satyagraha Ashram, Sabarmati given to Harijan Sevak Sangh.

1933

7-Nov

Nationwide Harijan Yatra commenced.

1934

25-Apr

A mob attacked in Bihar at the instigation of Lalanath Shastri.

1934

9-May

Toured Orissa on foot.

1934

18-May

Withdrew Collective Satyagraha.

1934

25-Jun

Bomb thrown at his motorcade in Poona.

1934

17-Sep

Declared his intention to retire from Congress.

1934

30-Oct

Resigned from the Congress.

1934

14-Dec

'All India Village Industries' Association' established.

1936

30-Apr

Moved to Segaon from Wardha.

1936

31-Oct

Presided over the 12th Gujarati Sahitya Parishad.

1936

12-Nov

Travancore temples opened to Harijans.

1939

2-Feb

Kasturba arrested in Rajkot by Thakoresaheb.

1939

3-Mar

Commenced fast at Rajkot against the breach of trust.

1939

7-Mar

Broke the fast; Chief Justice Maurice Gwyer appointed the arbitrator.

1939

16-Apr

Sir Maurice Gwyer declared award in favour of the people of Rajkot; Muslims and Bhayats demonstrate against Gandhiji and disrupt a prayer meeting.

1939

23-Jul

Wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler.

1939

31-Oct

Congress Ministries resign.

1940

5-Mar

Segaon named Sevagram.

1940

11-Oct

Congress Working Committee meeting at Sevagram; Individual Satyagraha proposed.

1940

17-Oct

Vinoba chosen as the first Individual Satyagrahi.

1941

13-Dec

'On Constructive Programme' published.

1941

30-Dec

The Congress Working Committee at Bardoli accepted Gandhiji's request to free him from the responsibility of guiding the Congress.

1942

15-Jan

Informed Congress Working Committee at Sevagram that Jawaharlal Nehru would be his political heir.

1942

27-Mar

Advised the Cripps Mission to return to England.

1942

14-Jul

Congress Working Committee adopted the resolution for immediate withdrawl of the British from India.

1942

8-Aug

'Quit India' resolution adopted; gave the call 'Do or Die'.

1942

9-Aug

Gandhiji and Congress Working Committee members arrested; Gandhiji imprisoned at the Aga Khan Palace.

1942

15-Aug

Death of Mahadev Desai;cremated at Aga Khan Palace.

1943

10-Feb

Commenced a 21 day fast.

1944

22-Feb

Death of Kasturba; cremated at Aga Khan Palace.

1944

6-May

Released unconditionally .

1945

14-Jun

Lord Wavell calls for negotiations.

1945

15-Jun

Congress Working Committee members released from Ahmedanagar Fort Prison. Ban on Congress lifted.

1945

14-Jul

The Viceroy declared the Simla Conference a failure.

1946

23-Mar

Three member British delegation reaches Delhi.

1946

25-Jun

The Congress Working Committee adopted resolution to accept the formation of the Constituent Assembly.

1946

4-Jul

The Viceroy formed an Interim Government.

1946

16-Aug

Communal riots in Calcutta.

1946

2-Sep

A 12 member Interim Government headed by Pandit Nehru formed.

1946

10-Oct

Communal violence in Noakhali.

1946

15-Oct

Muslim League representatives joined the Interim Government.

1946

27-Oct

Communal riots in Bihar.

1946

6-Nov

Left for Noakhali.

1946

19-Nov

Handed over the responsibility of Harijan Journals to Kaka Kalelkar, Kishorelal Mashruwala and Narahari Parikh.

1947

2-Jan

Bare Foot March to Noakhali commences.

1947

30-Mar

Tour of violence-affected villages of Bihar.

1947

31-Mar

Met the new Viceroy Lord Mountbatten.

1947

1-Apr

Addressed the Asian Relations Conference.

1947

13-Apr

Left for Bihar.

1947

2-Jun

The Congress, the Muslim League and the representatives of the Sikhs accept the plan of Partition.

1947

13-Jun

The Congress Working Committee adopted resolution to accept the Partition.

1947

13-Aug

In Calcutta with Shaheed Suhrawardy

1947

15-Aug

Spent the day in fast and prayer.

1947

31-Aug

Indefinite fast against the communal violence in Calcutta.

1947

4-Sep

Broke the fast.

1947

9-Sep

Reached Delhi.

1948

12-Jan

Commenced fast at Delhi.

1948

18-Jan

Broke the fast.

1948

20-Jan

A bomb thrown during the Prayer Meeting.

1948

30-Jan

Took three bullets on his chest. Godse the assassin.

1948

31-Jan

Cremated on the banks of the Yamuna by Ramdas.

TRIBUTE